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<title>Hypertext Editing System</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypertext Editing System</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about computer technology. For other uses, see <a href="HES_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="HES (disambiguation)">HES (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p>The <b>Hypertext Editing System</b>, or <b>HES</b>, was an early <a href="Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> research project conducted at <a href="Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in 1967 by <a href="Andries_van_Dam" title="Andries van Dam">Andries van Dam</a>, <a href="Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a>, and several Brown students.<sup id="cite_ref-hypertext50_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hypertext50-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first hypertext system available on commercial equipment that novices could use.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>HES organized data into two main types: links and branching text. The branching text could automatically be arranged into menus, and a point within a given area could also have an assigned name, called a label, and be accessed later by that name from the screen. Although HES pioneered many modern hypertext concepts, its emphasis was on text formatting and printing.

</p><p>HES required an <a href="IBM_2250" title="IBM 2250">IBM 2250</a> display console and a large memory partition on Brown's <a href="IBM_System/360_Model_50" title="IBM System/360 Model 50">IBM System/360 Model 50</a> campus <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a> which limited its use: "Although it was shared with others, it was a multi-million-dollar piece of technology housed in a large machine room that van Dam’s team was able to use as essentially a personal computer between midnight and 4 AM."<sup id="cite_ref-hypertext50_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hypertext50-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was used by <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s Houston Manned Spacecraft Center for documentation on the <a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> space program.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project's research was funded by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> but the program was stopped around 1969, and replaced by the <a href="File_Retrieval_and_Editing_System" title="File Retrieval and Editing System">FRESS</a> (File Retrieval and Editing System) project.

</p><p>Ted Nelson claims credit for inventing the “back” button (“undo”) with regard to hypertext, as the Hypertext Editing System was the first system that contained one.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The HES editor was followed by another editing system called the <a href="File_Retrieval_and_Editing_System" title="File Retrieval and Editing System">File Retrieval and Editing System</a> (FRESS).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-hypertext50-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hypertext50_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hypertext50_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown University Department of Computer Science. (23 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.brown.edu/events/halfcenturyofhypertext/">A Half-Century of Hypertext at Brown</a> </span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnet, Belinda. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/4/1/000081/000081.html">Crafting the User-Centered Document Interface: The Hypertext Editing System (HES) and the File Retrieval and Editing System (FRESS)</a>. Digital Humanities Quarterly, Vol 4 No 1.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Dam, Andries. (1988, July). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.brown.edu/memex/HT_87_Keynote_Address.html">Hypertext '87 keynote address</a>. <i><a href="Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>, 31, 887–895.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnet,_Belinda2013" class="citation book cs1">Barnet, Belinda (2013-07-15). <i>Memory machines : the evolution of hypertext</i>. London. p. 104. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780857280794</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855019922">855019922</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypermedia66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Hypermedia66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">Hypermedia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">Hyperlink</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertext fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypervideo" title="Hypervideo">Hypervideo</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptive_hypermedia" title="Adaptive hypermedia">Adaptive hypermedia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_educational_hypermedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive educational hypermedia">educational</a></li>

<li><a href="Authoring_of_adaptive_hypermedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoring of adaptive hypermedia">authoring</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hyperlinks_in_virtual_worlds" title="Hyperlinks in virtual worlds">Hyperlinks in virtual worlds</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resource identifiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Uniform_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource identifier">Uniform resource identifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalized_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationalized resource identifier">Internationalized resource identifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_resource_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource name">Uniform resource name</a></li>

<li><a href="URL" title="URL">Uniform resource locator</a></li>

<li><a href="Extensible_resource_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible resource identifier">Extensible resource identifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Persistent_uniform_resource_locator" title="Persistent uniform resource locator">Persistent uniform resource locator</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_URL" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic URL">Semantic URL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anchor_text" title="Anchor text">anchor text</a></li>

<li><a href="Click_path" title="Click path">click path</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain_name" title="Domain name">Domain name</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystery_meat_navigation#Related:_"Click_here"" title="Mystery meat navigation">click here</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_linking" title="Deep linking">deep linking</a></li>

<li><a href="URI_fragment" title="URI fragment">URI fragment</a></li>

<li><a href="Hostname" title="Hostname">Hostname</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Inline_linking" title="Inline linking">Inline linking</a></li>

<li><a href="Backlink" title="Backlink">inbound link</a>/<a href="Backlink" title="Backlink">backlink</a></li>

<li><a href="HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">HTTP referer</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_map" title="Image map">image map</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal link">Internal link</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookmark_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Bookmark (World Wide Web)">Internet bookmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Linkback" title="Linkback">linkback</a></li>

<li><a href="Link_relation" title="Link relation">Link relation</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_hyperlinking" title="Object hyperlinking">Object hyperlinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Screen_hotspot" title="Screen hotspot">Screen hotspot</a></li>

<li><a href="Source_tracking" title="Source tracking">Source tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Transclusion" title="Transclusion">transclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="URI_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="URI scheme">URI scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="URL_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="URL normalization">URL normalization</a></li>

<li><a href="URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a></li>

<li><a href="Website" title="Website">Website</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">XML namespace</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">Digital poetry</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_hypertext" title="History of hypertext">History of hypertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive novel">Interactive novel</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_hypertext_technology" title="Timeline of hypertext technology">Timeline of hypertext technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Domain_Application_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain Application Protocol">Domain Application Protocol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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